marine biotechnology research group

Biodiversity and its conservation

Biodiversity and its conservation

By Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi.

Introduction

Biodiversity The word is a contraction of the word, "the natural biodiversity. "biodiversity refers to the range of variations or differences between the same set of living beings. The term biodiversity is commonly used to describe the number, variety and variability of living organisms at the species level. In reality, a synonym of 'life on Earth. It is estimated that about 50 million species of plants, animals and microorganisms, with 35 thousand plants with medicinal properties, most of the foods that form each other, species different physical and chemical characteristics. Plant diversity: it is important to animals, herbivores and humans, because it conforms to the metabolic needs trophic levels of the nutritional values of fruits and seeds through dietary phytochemicals, primary and secondary.

Chemicals primary plant, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats are necessary for energy production in the predator / herbivore / browser

Secondary plant chemicals have 2 fronts actions, either as deterrents or stimulants.

Deterrents toxic dose high, preventing most of predation / grazing / browsing, a sort of defense of chemicals for survival – can be keiromones Allomones or some seeds may have 3 or more chemicals in them as protease inhibitors as lecithin, alkaloids, unusual amino acids, glycosides and polyphenols.

Stimulants, are volatile, such as terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives induce pollination.

Microbial diversity is only a subset of biodiversity in relation to bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, micro algae, protozoa and Monerans others.

A total of 16, 04,000 species of Monera, Protista, Fungi, plants and animals have been described worldwide (Whittfield, 2002) but is likely to 17,980,000 ie species of about 11 times more than the species currently known. (Khoshoo, 1995).

India is rich in microbial biodiversity and there are about 850 (0.67%) species Moneran, 2577 (2.04%) species of protists, 23,000 (18.23%) species of fungi, 2500 (2%) species of algae in India (Khoshoo, 1995). WATV et al (1999) found a credible estimate several times myxobacterial greatest diversity in India that the recorded species worldwide so far. 8 new types were reported myxobacterial of the 32 species described in Bergey's Manual of Bacteriology Determinant

Microorganisms occur in all parts of the globe and especially in the tropics where humidity and temperature are most suitable for them to grow and multiply.

Among these organisms, bacteria and fungi are more important for men because they are often used for the benefit of man, such as Lactobacillus to make the curd, yeast for fermentation and Bacillus thuringiensis for pest control, etc.. Nitrification and denitrification bacteria help regulate nitrogen cycle, which convert nitrogen in air and ammonia nitrate and converted back to nitrogen, thus preventing their harmful concentrations through accumulation.

In nature, microbial populations are not allowed to win in number, of course, since there are protozoa that feed of them and keep their numbers under control.

Aesthetic and ethical man has grown with the diversity and love is immense. People go to the woods or country side observe nature that give them pleasure.

Through these mechanisms in nature, Hugo de Vries, the father of genetics has discovered the mutation in a population in the afternoon the Prime pink Oenothera lamackiana.

In Mexico, there was several species of perennial wild corn. Subsequent to the hybridization of corn perennial crop grown. Peru has the greatest diversity of potatoes, even today, the result of artificial selection of Darwin

The man needs diversity, especially the diversity of plants, for various reasons, such as medicine derived from them, for example, quinine and aspirin. He needs the diversity of animals, thus resulting Angiostenin American snake, and oysters in the Chesapeake Bay water filter

The loss of plant biodiversity reduced the fall of rain (1/4rth.) global temperature increase (2-40C) and air pollution dramatically.

Genetic diversity

Hereditary variation within and between populations of organisms ultimately depends on the sequence of four base pairs, as a component of fatty Nucleic constitute the genetic code.

New arises from genetic variation and gene mutations or chromosomal recombination. Other changes are related to – the amount of DNA per cell, chromosome structure, number and series. Genetic variations influence both the natural evolutionary changes and artificial selection.

Patterns in diversity

Usually the following are observed patterns 2 —

(A Diversity) Alpha: The number of species in a given area and their geographical distribution patterns. It is relatively well documented for a wide variety of organisms and has tro led to widespread as – 'increasing diversity with decreasing latitude.

The Species

The species is the smallest and the basic unit of life.

Name of the individual is the hallmark symbol of communication and the attached information. Biodiversity is usually considered synonymous with the diversity of species and even within varieties of the species. Species has a direct effect on community structure. Data and information from the Red List status species provide diversity

Sustainable use of species is the demarcation of the hot spots and cold.

Defining species

Taxonomic: smallest group or population that are distinct and distinguishable from each other.

Biological: Group composed of things spawning reproductively isolated populations with local and geographical bases.

Biosystematics: Based on the relationship of fertility determined by artificial hybridization, including the ecotypes, ecological species, etc. cenospecies

Biosystematics: Based on the relationship of fertility determined by artificial hybridization, including the ecotypes and species ecological cenospecies etc

Evolutionary: Lineage, ancestor of the sequence downstream of the existing population in space and time.

 

 

Species (systematic) Diversity

Offers diversity with variety of species living in different geographical areas, often expressed in terms of species richness or species abundance. Species level is generally considered the more natural. Number of species provides only a partial indication of biodiversity. The ecological importance of a species can have a direct effect on community structure and thus biological diversity in general. Species in a real sense represents the unity of living things.

Number described species of living organisms.

 

Kingdom and major subdivision

Common name

Number
described species

Totals

1. Virus

Virus

1,000

1000

2. Monera
(i) Bacteria
(ii) Myxoplasma
(iii) Cyanophycota

Bacteria
Bacteria
Blue-green algae

3000
60
1,700

4,760

3. Fungi
(i) Zygomycota
(ii) Ascomycota
(including the 18,000
lichen fungus
(iii) Basidomycota
(IV) Oomycota
(v) Chytriodomycota
(vi) Acrasiomycota
(vii) Myxomycota

Zygomycete fungi
Mushroom Cup

Fungi Basidomycete
Water Molds
Chytrid
Cellular slime
Limo plasmodia

665
28,650

16,000
580
575
13
500

46,983

4. Algae
(i) Chlorophyta
(ii) Phaeophyta
(iii) Rhodophyta
(iv) Chrysophyta
(v) Pyrrophyta
(vi) Euglenophyta

Green algae
Brown algae
Red algae
Chrysophytealgae
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids

7,000
1,500
4,000
12,500
1,100
800

26,900

5. Plantae
(i) Bryophyta
(ii) Psilophyto
(iii) Lycopodiophyta
(iv) Equisetophyta)
(v) Filicophyta
(vi) Gymnosperm
(vii) Dicotyledonae
(viii) Monocotyledonae

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Psilopsids
Lycophytes
Ponytails
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Dicotyledons
Liliopsida

16,600
9
1,275
15
10,000
529
1,70,000
50,000

2,48,428

6. Protozoa

Protozoa

30,800

30,800

7. Animalia
(i) Porifera
(ii) Cnidaria, Ctenophora
(iii) Platyhelminthes
(iv) Nematoda
(v) Annelida

(vi) Mollusca
(vii) Echinoermata

(viii) Arthropods
(1) Insecta
(2) other arthropods
(ix) Minor invertebrate phyla

Sponges
Jelly fish, corals, jellyfish
Platyhelminthes
Nematodes (roundworms)
Annelids (earthworms and relatives
Molluscs
Echinoderms (starfish and relatives
Arthropods
Insects

5,000
9,000
12,200
12,000

12,000
50,000

6,100
7,51,000
1,23,161
9,300

989,761

8. Chordata

(i) Tunicata
(ii) Cephalochordata
(iii) Vertebrata

1. Agnatha
2. Chondrichthyes

3. Osteichthyes
4. Amphibia
5. Reptilia
6. Birds
7. Mammalia

Tunicates
Acorn worms
Vertebrates
lampreys and hagfish
Sharks and other cartilaginous fish
Fish bone
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

1,250
23

63
843

18,150
4,184
6,300
9,040
4,000

43,853

TOTAL: All agencies

1,392,485

Importance of Biodiversity

The direct economic benefits

The tropical rain forest products such as oils, gums, rubber, fiber, tannins, dyes, resins, turpentine, range of varieties of roots, fruits and ornamental plants.

Indirect environmental benefits

a. Evolutionary change, B. Crop improvement and C. Transgenic organisms

Geographical varieties have provided materials for the handling of agriculture more productive and disease resistant strains

Medicines Values and Food Safety

Biodiversity has value in itself and is intrinsically wrong to destroy it. [Kormondy, 1996]

Causes of biodiversity loss

1. Introduction of unwanted alien species, for example, Stephen Island Wrens were eliminated by the Keeper's cat Light House

2. Habitat destruction, man – animal conflict, especially in India and the loss of tigers and elephants from poachers in almost all national parks in India;

Economic benefits the state of Rondonia, in western Amazonia lost 20% of the rainforest, the richest source Biodiversity, in 5 years to foreign interests, as the cultivation of soybeans and livestock, Suriname and Guyana are about to lose much of its forests for the same reasons.

3. Introduction of GE / GM crops in agriculture, factors of male sterility in these native crops do go sterile through pollination, BT. Cotton has caused the loss of all varieties of native cotton in the cotton belt.

4. Excess human intervention due to population explosion.

Biodiversity Conservation

The problem of diversity biodiversity is essentially one of conflict resolution among mankind in one hand and living organisms that live in different habitats on the other side. UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development), the process has helped to place the loss of biodiversity and the conservation of the global agenda. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which emerged from UNCED or Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 is now a treaty. According to the World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1,604,000 species have been described worldwide. India accounts for 8% of the world's biodiversity exists in only 2.4% of the world's land surface (Khoshoo 1996; Varley and Scotland, 1999). The conservation of biodiversity requires some specialized techniques for applications in the recovery of degraded habitats and using both ex situ and in situ techniques.

Study and Conservation of Biodiversity

Two techniques follow: 1. Satellite Remote Sensing (S SR) and

2. Geographic Information System (GIS)

According to Burley, the following 4 steps:

1. Identification and classification of biological diversity, 2. Location of areas managed primarily for biodiversity, 3. Identification of biological diversity or is under-represented in the areas of management and 4. The establishment of principles for conservation action

5 Steps to follow for the conservation effective

1. The area should be identified, 2. Analysis of the viability of the population is to be was 3. Analysis of habitat quality should be done 4. Introduction of identified / selected (in situ or ex situ) species if they are not there and 5. maintain areas across the border demarcation with the protection needed to be done.

Conservation strategies followed

(A) In-situ conservation: (B) Ex-situ conservation: (C) Reduction of pressure anthropogenic (d) the repair or rehabilitation of threatened species:

Noss & Cooperider have found 2 filters for conservation —

1. Coarse filter strategies – dealing with conservation of common species and species with missing distribution restricted and 2. Fine filter strategies – dealing with rare natural communities.

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is fine filter approach that protects both species is a powerful tool that can recover from one species to the brink of extinction.

Network Management Biodiversity

Ecosystems and species are represented in areas managed for biodiversity. The species persists because populations another place to escape from catastrophic events. Therefore, it is necessary in a given geographical area, the species must have multiple representations.

Pressy postulate et al 3 Principles —

1. Complementarity – refers to the addition of species to a given set of areas that are different as possible;

2. Flexibility – refers to alternative areas to which a particular species can be added

3. Irrepressible – Refers to elements of biodiversity that will occur only in one area and not everywhere.

Vision or mission for the New Millennium

Preserving the integrity and diversity of nature, the inheritance of knowledge and biodiversity for future generations, to areas requiring unique urgent attention, loss of biodiversity, freshwater shortages, climate change, sustainable agriculture

Biotechnology in the production food, population and consumption, resource depletion, the navy and coastal environment

Wild Earth Biodiversity

Wildlands are removable, maintainable and productive land, but retains a sense, like cash in a shoebox, neither interest income of movement, although some people affected by the nations argue that wild tropical lands are highly productive and are being systematically plundered for mining, agriculture and human settlements.

Environmental requirements demand that these wild lands should be preserved at any cost, to prolong life in this planet at this time, as they act as carbon sinks. Therefore, you must escape the tragedy of the commons.

'Two' and 'do' in the wilderness Biodiversity:

1. The more we know about it the more we can use it without damage.

3. The use biological diversity of wild lands should be regular and well-supervised

4. The use of wild lands biodiversity should not be free and all users must pay some money.

The use of tropical biodiversity wilderness

1. The identification, taxonomy and the database – you need to know and record '- a. The knowledge of the part (s) in use, B. the exchange of knowledge and experience of use, and C. transfer knowledge to data centers.

2. Micro habitat geography – knowledge of the location of the species.

3. Knowledge of collector sustainable use – straight from those who frequent the natural environment and that monitoring of these hunter-gatherers – about the location, existence and method appropriate collection (s) of part (s) of the species.

4. Basics of Natural History species – to study the life cycle stages to find out problems of the species, which will help conservation.

All information so gathered must be fed to the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) and DIVERSITAS UNESCO to attract world attention and possible assistance to the conservation of the species to be seen.

Management lands biodiversity wild

Currently tropical wildland biodiversity is highly threatened due to various factors such as increased employment of the UN. Much of the Amazon has lost in recent years, illegal logging, ranching and soy farming because of climate change and habitat loss 15-20% of species endangered species are gone and the rest will follow soon, if corrective measures are not taken soon. These large-scale destruction took place during the Cretaceous, but then the land turned back to the biodiversity that can not happen now.

Land preserved wildlands habitat islands are connected by few mobile air agencies. With the impact of increasing proportions of users on the site, the species may soon forgotten in the land retains wild side.

A wilderness preserves should not go bankrupt until production starts up again while maintaining a wild land can not provide all the needs of the community to a some time.

A wild land should not be kept as a agroscape monocultures of single species, rather than biodiversity in nature.

Paper of biodiversity in courtship and breeding, a case study sample, birds and building Bower Bower —

Bower Birds of southern region Papua belong to the family, Ptylorhynchidae, consisting of 6 genera divided into 2 groups – 1. The cat birds, monogamous, do not build arbor show no courtship. 2. Other 5 genera are polygamous, the males estate, or typical or bridal Bowers courts with materials derived from biodiversity and courtship display to attract females during mating. Of these, 2 genera, and known as bower birds Prionodura Amblyornis Mc Gregor are the maypole builders, Mayos build one or two towers that decorate the young trees with sticks and moss in a cone-shaped dome with a diameter base 25 cm. The floor has a carpet of moss as well. The decorative use of biodiversity are often joined about 2 mil. The bower birds Avenue building Satin in Australia, comprising 2 roundabouts build walls of sticks lined North -> South with a central avenue. The court is decorated screen at the north end. During courtship the male is decorated at its peak and release different vocalizations. The other 2, Tooth Archibald billing and establish courts bridal bower birds biodiversity from large items such as ornaments placed around several trees.

Microbial Biodiversity

Nature is the embodiment of biodiversity. Evolutionary processes over the millennia have produced plenty of diversity in all forms of life. Therefore, biodiversity microbial, but it is quite natural. Advances in biotechnology in recent years they have enabled scientists to manipulate biodiversity benefit of humans and even more in the field of microbes, but nevertheless, it also threatens the very existence of natural biodiversity. Modern tools genetic and recombinant DNA technology, protoplast fusion and hybridoma have exploited most microbes, especially since the industry began to fund research projects worldwide. It started with Anand Mohan Chakravorty amended developing a microbe that could ingest oil spills in the sea and neutralize them. But the alarming fact is that these inventions are not always for the benefit of mankind and to end the benefit of funding – industries at the expense of humanity and the natural biodiversity. For example – BT. Cotton and not the loss of a wide range of natural cotton, due to its introduction. These crops GM almost always use a terminator gene, a male sterility factor neutralizing diversity.

The factors governing microbial diversity include – 1. their genetic makeup, with their ability to perform, 2. their micro and macro environment and 3. their ecological interactions with other organisms, both micro and macro.

Micro organisms occur everywhere on the planet and most diverse in the tropics where temperature and humidity are favorable to them. A small size allows them escape detection unless there is a flower.

A wide variety of bacteria are beneficial to humans, for example – Lactobacillus in making the curd, yeast in the fermentation and Bacillus thuringiensis in agricultural pest control, etc. There is one, the tactic of Magnetic bacteria that possess the magnetic particles within cells that allow them to guide the Earth's magnetic poles. Many bacteria can be grown in an artificial environment but many others can not, therefore, not fully known or studied. So far on the 3 until 4 thousand of them have been studied and not studied about 3 LAKH.

Virus does not survive in the wild and free except for a few virus was not known to be beneficial for both man biotechnologists found ideal vector in the transfer of synthetic genes from test tubes to the cells of organisms. In the process, if any portion of virulent genes of virus is still active, there is great danger front. Of the 5 thousand or more viruses available only 5 hundred have been studied.

Ecological consequences:

In terms very favorable position to reach the bacteria flourishes of the population. Under such conditions, methanogenic bacteria produce methane in abundance carbogenic fungi and bacteria CO2 produced in excess. Both are greenhouse gases. Blue-green bacteria produce dimethyl sulphide, a substance that promotes the formation of clouds and precipitation. In the marine environment, Cyanobacteria also produce dimethyl sulfide in large quantities. The highly volatile DMS is oxidized in the atmosphere-methyl sulfoxide and then to methyl sulfate, serving as nucleation agent in the formation of water droplets and cause rain.

The bacteria produce nitrates nitrification and denitrification and nitrous oxide, respectively. Some nitrate is used by green plants, but too much of it is leached into the under ground water tables as a result Nitrate toxicity in people who drink this water. Nitrous oxide destroys the ozone layer and increased penetration of UV rays that cause skin cancer in humans.

The soil is enriched with a set of soil bacteria / fungi such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, PSB / PSM and Nitrosobacter to build soil and provide nutrition of plants. A well-drained soil rich in leaf litter and low rainfall in the reception (such as pasture land) is the best for this type of aerobic organisms. If by chance, the anaerobic bacteria increase in number in soil, the soil is degraded. The gum and cement producing bacterial products often block the pores soil. Such soils, if no earthworms, degrade quickly.

In the aquatic environment, bacteria also play an important role. The toxic substance found in fatty tissues and reproductive organs of puffer fish, 'tetradotoxin', is the product of a microorganism and not the fish. Tetradotoxin pain relief is a potent analgesic and is used.'' Similarly, the fight against leukemia compound found in tunicates (sea squirts) and even anti microbial compound in the Caribbean coral reef sponges are also the products of microorganisms that are symbiotic with these machines.

Of DNA splicing is carried out by an enzyme are active, even at very high temperatures. This enzyme is derived from a microorganism, Thermus aquaticus, isolated from hot springs.

The natural process of decomposition is carried out by the decomposers, which are microbes, bacteria and fungi that live in all habitats.

The loss of diversity of these organisms is caused by – Deforestation, elNiño LaNina-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and genetic microbial contamination through the creation of a modified gene or transgenic.

 

Biodiversity Tropical

Life flourishes in the tropics, whether microbes or plants or animals. Most of the living form of the Earth is represented by insects in general and beetles in particular. Although 1.4 million insect species, 80% of all life forms are on the register, tropical forests may contain up to 30 up to 50 million insect species, 97% of global biodiversity, living every where, from the depths of the earth to the top of trees, water bodies underground within the feathers of the penguins in Antarctica, deep in the caves to our eyebrows. Among insects, the beetles are the most species, more widespread, the most widespread and pervasive in all ecosystems and habitats. Tunnels, mines and chew each substrate. Tropical biodiversity has not been fully evaluated, therefore, is essential to collect data, maintain inventory of all forms of tropical insects, especially beetles, with the samples. Samples collected must be stored in cool, identified and named using alphanumeric Evaluation System (qtes) and feeding it to taxasphere database and for formal identification. The same can be followed by other species of flora and fauna of tropical ecosystems.

Population Diversity

1. Death (mortality) is the rate at which death occurs in a population, the dispersion is the rate at that individuals are migrated or emigrated; growth rate / form: it is the sum total birth rate, mortality and dispersal. Distribution by sex and age structure: more vertebrae in populations, the sex ratio is mainly 50 men: 50 women, however, may vary among populations. Relationship with age is determined by the increase / decrease in a population. For example, rhesus monkeys age group 1-3 years living in the sides of roads were captured and exported in 50s/60s for biomedical and pharmaceutical research leading to their declining population, when in the precincts of the temple was not. Life table: This data tabular in age structures based on a. Census data B. Mortality data from which 'S' shaped
   survival curve is marked by final consumers or insurance companies. Overall, however, the survival curves are 3 types: a. convex type, where the mortality rate of the population is low until near the end of life found in many species of large animals, including humans, B. concave type, where the mortality of the population is high during the young stages as profuse breeder species of plants and animals and c. straight-line type where the diagonal curve of the straight line indicates a survival specific age constant, a constant rate of mortality occurring in all stages as seen in Hydra, gull and Robin of America, etc.

Realization the capacity and resilience of the environment:

Each habitat and the ecosystem has a specific space to accommodate a certain number of people because of the limitations of space and food, and this is called the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The environment of ecosystems to resist a rise in population density as the fight for food, space and increase the couple. The situation is further complicated by factors such as parasitism, predator-prey relationships and other natural factors. Acts environmental resistance against biotic potential of the organisms that live in that ecosystem. An increase in the number of struggles within the species and / or between species leads to a decrease in their numbers, sometimes nearly to extinction. The decline and extinction of the dinosaurs is a clear example.

 

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